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布局实战

阮一峰...大约 9 分钟CSS

本章包括了一些经典的布局实战案例。

Flex 布局实战

下面我们将通过骰子，来很好的在实战中展示 Flex 布局的功能与美丽。

骰子的一面，最多可以放置 9 个点。

骰子轴线
骰子轴线

下面，就来看看 Flex 如何实现，从 1 个点到 9 个点的布局。div 元素 (代表骰子的一个面) 是 Flex 容器，span 元素 (代表一个点) 是 Flex 项目。如果有多个项目，就要添加多个 span 元素，以此类推。

单项目

首先，只有左上角 1 个点的情况。Flex 布局默认就是首行左对齐，所以一行代码就够了。

点位 1
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}

设置项目的对齐方式，就能实现居中对齐和右对齐。

点位 2
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
点位 3
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}

设置交叉轴对齐方式，可以垂直移动主轴。

点位 4
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
点位 5
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
点位 8
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: flex-end;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
点位 9
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  align-items: flex-end;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}

双项目

双点位 13
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
双点位 17
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
双点位 28
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
双点位 39
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: flex-end;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
双点位 15
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
}

.item:nth-child(2) {
  align-self: center;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
双点位 19
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

.item:nth-child(2) {
  align-self: flex-end;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}

三项目

三点
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
}

.item:nth-child(2) {
  align-self: center;
}

.item:nth-child(3) {
  align-self: flex-end;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}

四项目

四点
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <div class="column">
      <span class="item" />
      <span class="item" />
    </div>
    <div class="column">
      <span class="item" />
      <span class="item" />
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-content: space-between;
}

.column {
  flex-basis: 100%;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}

六项目

六点
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-content: space-between;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}
六点 2
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
    <span class="item" />
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-content: space-between;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}

您还可以使用高级选择器:

一个图案
<div class="dice-container">
  <div class="box">
    <div class="row">
      <span class="item" />
      <span class="item" />
      <span class="item" />
    </div>
    <div class="row">
      <span class="item" />
    </div>
    <div class="row">
      <span class="item" />
      <span class="item" />
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

.box {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.row {
  flex-basis: 100%;
  display: flex;
}

.row:nth-child(2) {
  justify-content: center;
}

.row:nth-child(3) {
  justify-content: space-between;
}

/* Common styles */
.dice-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: #000;
}

.dice-container .box {
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
}

.dice-container .item {
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  margin: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: #000;
}

网格布局

基本网格布局

最简单的网格布局，就是平均分布。在容器里面平均分配空间，跟上面的骰子布局很像，但是需要设置项目的自动缩放。

网格布局
<div class="grid-wrapper">
  <div class="grid-cell">1</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-wrapper">
  <div class="grid-cell">1/2</div>
  <div class="grid-cell">1/2</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-wrapper">
  <div class="grid-cell">1/3</div>
  <div class="grid-cell">1/3</div>
  <div class="grid-cell">1/3</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-wrapper">
  <div class="grid-cell">Mr.Hope 很帅!</div>
  <div class="grid-cell">
    Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅!
    Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅!
    Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅! Mr.Hope 很帅!
  </div>
</div>

CSS 代码如下。

.grid-wrapper {
  display: flex;
}

.grid-cell {
  flex: 1;
}

/* Common styles */
.grid-cell {
  margin: 4px;
  padding: 12px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  background-color: rgb(207, 232, 220);
  color: #666;
  font-size: 14px;
}

百分比布局

某个网格的宽度为固定的百分比，其余网格平均分配剩余的空间。

百分比布局
<div class="grid-wrapper">
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-2">1/2</div>
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-auto">auto</div>
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-auto">auto</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-wrapper">
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-auto">auto</div>
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-auto">auto</div>
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-3">1/3</div>
</div>
<div class="grid-wrapper">
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-4">1/4</div>
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-auto">auto</div>
  <div class="grid-cell grid-cell-3">1/3</div>
</div>

.grid-wrapper {
  display: flex;
}

.grid-cell-auto {
  flex: 1;
}

.grid-cell-2 {
  width: 50%;
}
.grid-cell-3 {
  width: calc(100% / 3);
}

.grid-cell-4 {
  width: 25%;
}

/* Common styles */
.grid-cell {
  margin: 4px;
  padding: 12px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  background-color: rgb(207, 232, 220);
  color: #666;
  font-size: 14px;
}

圣杯布局

圣杯布局 (Holy Grail Layout) 指的是一种最常见的网站布局。

页面从上到下，分成三个部分: 头部 (header) ，躯干 (body) ，尾部 (footer) 。其中躯干又水平分成三栏，从左到右为: 导航、主栏、副栏。

圣杯布局
圣杯布局

HTML 代码如下。

<body class="holy-grail">
  <header>...</header>
  <div class="holy-grail-body">
    <main class="holy-grail-content">...</main>
    <nav class="holy-grail-nav">...</nav>
    <aside class="holy-grail-ads">...</aside>
  </div>
  <footer>...</footer>
</body>

CSS 代码如下。

.holy-grail {
  display: flex;
  min-height: 100vh;
  flex-direction: column;
}

header,
footer {
  flex: 1;
}

.holy-grail-body {
  display: flex;
  flex: 1;
}

.holy-grail-content {
  flex: 1;
}

.holy-grail-nav,
.holy-grail-ads {
  /* 两个边栏的宽度设为 12em */
  flex: 0 0 12em;
}

.holy-grail-nav {
  /* 导航放到最左边 */
  order: -1;
}

如果是小屏幕，躯干的三栏自动变为垂直叠加。

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .holy-grail-body {
    flex-direction: column;
    flex: 1;
  }
  .holy-grail-nav,
  .holy-grail-ads,
  .holy-grail-content {
    flex: auto;
  }
}

输入框的布局

我们常常需要在输入框的前方添加提示，后方添加按钮。

输入框
输入框

HTML 代码如下。

<div class="input-add-on">
  <span class="input-add-on-item">...</span>
  <input class="input-add-on-field" />
  <button class="input-add-on-item">...</button>
</div>

CSS 代码如下。

.input-add-on {
  display: flex;
}

.input-add-on-field {
  flex: 1;
}

悬挂式布局

有时，主栏的左侧或右侧，需要添加一个图片栏。

悬挂式布局
悬挂式布局

HTML 代码如下。

<div class="media">
  <img class="media-figure" src="" alt="" />
  <p class="media-body">...</p>
</div>

CSS 代码如下。

.media {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
}

.media-figure {
  margin-right: 1em;
}

.media-body {
  flex: 1;
}

固定的底栏

有时，页面内容太少，无法占满一屏的高度，底栏就会抬高到页面的中间。这时可以采用 Flex 布局，让底栏总是出现在页面的底部。

固定底栏
固定底栏

HTML 代码如下。

<body class="site">
  <header>...</header>
  <main class="site-content">...</main>
  <footer>...</footer>
</body>

CSS 代码如下。

.site {
  display: flex;
  min-height: 100vh;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.site-content {
  flex: 1;
}

流式布局

流式布局
流式布局

每行的项目数固定，会自动分行。

CSS 的写法。

.parent {
  width: 200px;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: black;
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
  align-content: flex-start;
}

.child {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  background-color: white;
  flex: 0 0 25%;
  height: 50px;
  border: 1px solid red;
}
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